American Indian and media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Native American and media - Research Paper Example The Native American Indians make up a noteworthy piece of America’s history. This minimized gathering of individuals were the most punctual occupants of the American mainland. Despite the fact that they have lived in the nation for a huge number of years, they have a place with the minority bunches in America and as of now their numbers are decreasing. Native Americans are known for their affection for save regions and severe social and monetary practices. This gathering of individuals predominantly benefited from shrubbery meat and assembled products of the soil from the rainforests. Moreover, their people had all around characterized jobs and duties in the network set up. Their men were trackers, finders, and warriors who were relied upon to get food and give care and security to their family (Ballas n.d.). Though, their ladies were entrusted with offering and giving consideration to kids at home. Also, they were relied upon to think about the family by getting ready food. T he common nourishments American Indians expended were fish, wild ox, and different sorts of feathered creatures (Ballas). While this gathering appreciated a quiet and prosperous way of life, the colonization of America by Europeans made a huge difference and affected vigorously on their lifestyle. They were exposed to cruel treatment, which included prejudice, land distance, and steady wars (CBS Report, 1969). Albeit some of them worked together and grasped the new European system, dominant part of them stood up to. Thus, a huge number relocated to different pieces of America primarily Western piece of United States of America. Throughout the years, this gathering has been underestimated and partial, however right now, American Indians are getting the much-merited acknowledgment and regard from both the administration and the media. In spite of the fact that their numbers have diminished, they stay extraordinary in American history. The American Indians are all inclusive known as the indigenous individuals of the region as of now known as the United States of America. They were

Legalization of Marijuana Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Legitimization of Marijuana - Research Paper Example The disallowance of weed came in 1937 when the state announced its utilization illicit (Havelka 1). Since its preclusion, related instances of weed utilization keep on commanding the law authorization part and casualties who overstep the law face the equity framework. The inquiry with regards to whether the medication ought to be lawful draws impressive help and dismissal from a scope of political, social, financial and wellbeing grounds. In the contemporary society, sanctioning of cannabis would shape a reasonable ground toward the finish of the discussion. The obvious expectation by various people of the chance of an expansion in pot utilization upon its authorization doesn't frame a dependable motivation to contradict the discussion. Since the illegalization of cannabis, the quantities of individuals who expend it proceed to rise and increment. An expansion in the quantity of buyers of maryjane, as indicated by records by the law requirement division, is a basic reality. Incomplet ely, the raising number of cannabis clients radiates from the illicitness of its utilization since the lawlessness strikes the desire from numerous individuals, the young particularly, to evaluate its utilization. There are a few hypotheses that recommend that illegalizing drug use and its forbiddance support the use, in actuality. The prohibition on liquor use, for example, killed an extensive asset of incomes charges from the administration and expanded the spending of government to force the laws. These are appropriate in the utilization of maryjane, given its denial. Sanctioning of cannabis, in this way, would dispose of the mental impact that strikes the adolescent to evaluate its utilization. Authorization would bring down the quantity of new addicts of maryjane and its utilization and misuse. It is, in this way, reasonable and consistent to authorize pot in the contemporary society as a way to decrease the quantity of new addicts and clients, particularly among the adolescent s. The battle against medication and substance misuse is a clearly costly commitment for various governments. It includes the implementation of the law that restricts the lead. There is an expansion in the costs in the legal framework to execute instances of weed deals casualties and the individuals who expend the medication. The different costs utilized will significantly lessen with the sanctioning of cannabis. Other than diminishing the costs used to guarantee no weed use, authorizing cannabis in would fill in as a wellspring of incomes. Assessment forced on maryjane can help in boosting the measure of income gathered by the nation. The deals of pot with its sanctioning would expand openings for work. Expanded openings for work have an essential commitment in guaranteeing a stable financial state of a nation. It would go beneficial to authorize maryjane utilize given the job it would play in adding to an improved financial condition. Guaranteeing a sound populace is a key job of each legislature. Medication and substance misuse is hindering to the wellbeing of the populace that the administration has the order to ensure. Government wellbeing authorities once in a while test illicit medications for their security when devoured by the residents since they are sold through unaccepted methods. Illicit deals of medications render the wellbeing of general society in question since the medications don't breeze through wellbeing assessments. Legitimization of cannabis would see an institution of laws that will have arrangements on heath guidelines thought for its deals. This will improve the

Comfort Matters

Comfort Matters MITs main lecture hall is in building ten. Its also room 250. Therefore, by MIT standards, it is referred to as 10-250 (ten two-fifty). Its utilized for a bunch of classes (including many for freshmen) and is generally well-liked. I mean, its a lecture hall, its hard to love a lecture hall, but 10-250 is very put-up-with-able. A little over a month ago an article came out in The Tech (MITs newspaper) with the earth-shattering headline 10-250 Renovations to Begin During IAP Reading through the article, I was quickly excited to hear that they were replacing the chairs! No offense to the 10-250 chairs, theyre a nice purple shade but they just arent that comfortable. A remodel of 10-250 means new and, hopefully, more comfortable chairs. I went into 10-250 yesterday to check on the remodeling progress, hoping to say goodbye one last time when I saw something very exciting and unexpected. Sitting in a row were five different types of chairs possible replacement chairs! I quickly did what any normal student would do and tested every single chair for comfort. Heres a quick breakdown: Yellow Ugly Chair The yellow ugly chair appears suitable. Unfortunately its quite hard and not that comfortable. The desk is spacious, providing a lot of room for resting your arm and writing on paper, but this doesnt make up for the uncomfortable seat. Red Squishy Chair The red chair is extremely comfy. The thick padded seat squishes under your weight, providing a posterior-friendly platform, while the back is just as squishy, allowing for a certain amount of lounging during lecture. The desk is a bit smaller than I would like but is the same size as the current desks so its forgivable. All in all, a very good chair. Black Awesome Chair This black chair is the most radical departure from what 10-250 currently hosts. The chairs are hinged in such away that when you pull the seat down the back slides back, providing, at the very least, an entertaining 5 minutes prior to lecture. I anticipate seeing people open and close their seats for the shear enjoyment of it. Unfortunately, sitting in the seat is not as enjoyable because it is HARDER THAN GRANITE! This is very nearly made up for with the AWESOME AMAZING HUGE desk it sports. The desk is mounted to a pole that sits in front of the chair. It has enough writing room for even the pickiest of lecture hall test takers. Grey Nondescript Chair Theres not a lot to say about this grey chair. Its desk is slightly larger than the current 10-250 desks but not significantly so. The large seat cushion looks comfortable but proves to be quite uncomfortable, forcing the attentive student in lecture to sit up quite high, as well as forward on their seats because of the hard chair back. Wooden Holy Chair Finally, the wooden holy chair. What it lacks in comfort (a lot) it kinda sorta makes up for in stylishness. The seams in the seat are complimented by the holes in the back but while it looks nice and professional it feels cold and uninviting. Im sorry chair, I just dont like you. I have no idea when they are deciding which chair to use, nor when they plan on installing the chairs. Call me pessimistic, but I have very little faith in the higher-ups to choose the correct chair so I made sure to let them know what the right decision was. Oh, and also, I found the markings of a prefrosh on one of the boards. Somebody certainly was excited! Thats all for now, Ill let you know in the coming months which chairs they end up choosing. I know, its very important and youre dying to know ; )

Personal Experience Taking A Look At The Police Department

While making copies the morning of November 3rd, I commented to another teacher in the copy room that it was weird that some of the central office staff was in the building this early. It was 6:40. I should have put the pieces together that the crisis team was assembled. I walked back to my room to start prepping for the day with my co-teacher and student intern. Another math teacher came in at 7:15 and asked me if I had heard. Not knowing what she was talking about, she showed me a text message she had received from another teacher in the district, which indicated the passing of one of my students. Not 30 seconds went by and the phone rings. The secretary asked me to come to the Principal’s Conference Room for an important meeting.†¦show more content†¦Both last year and this year, I have suggested the need to add a teacher to the team (it doesn’t need to be me but someone who is a problem solver). While I understand that everyone involved has a specific role, I think a teacher would help with how to communicate to students and staff. I think there was a lack of a unified message to staff on how to handle this at the beginning of the school day. Students started taking about it when they began arriving at 6:55. The school counselors opened a classroom for group counseling. Additionally, some used the offices and small conference meeting rooms in the guidance suite for a smaller setting. One counselor followed the student’s class schedule and did group counseling at the beginning of every period. I thought this was extremely beneficial, since I hadn’t had time to process the information I was given. After teaching and quizzing 1st block, 2nd block I covered a PPT as the administrator for our Principal and then helped out in the office afterwards. This small class has individuals from all sides of the situation are enrolled in my class, the victim, best friends, friends of the suspect, and a first responders. I was so glad th at the school counselor came up and talked with my kids for about a 20 minutes and then checked back in periodically the remainder of the period. At the end of theShow MoreRelatedPolice Officers And The Police Vehicles1429 Words   |  6 Pagessaying that police officers use, and it is on the police vehicles. They take pride to serve our community, take pride to protect our community, and take pride of wearing the badge on their uniforms. Our community wouldn’t be the same if we didn’t have the protection from them; if so there will be some disasters like some today. But yet, they get accused, getting name, and getting threaten for the things that happen consequently. When I was growing up, I hear all these sayings that â€Å"police officers areRead MorePolice Suicide And Its Effects1720 Words   |  7 Pagesterm paper is to talk about police suicide and whether or not it is preventable. While police suicide is an huge issue, the public do not hear much about it nor have enough information. Therefore, it is important to let the public know that it is an issue by spreading awareness and creating prevention methods. Important questions that should be asked are : What is suicide? Why are police officers committing suicide? How many police officers are committing suicide? Can police suicide be prevented? HaveRead MoreThe Police Department Of Whittier850 Words   |  4 PagesThe police department of Whittier began in April 1917 and their primary objective is to maintain the upkeep and protect the community. In 2001, Chief David M. Singer took oath to take upon the leadership of the department. Prior to his new role, he came onboard with years of law enforcement experiences and held the position of Chief of Signal Hill. Singer implemented public service area policing and created a system where it held the police department accountable to resolving neighborhood problemsRead MorePolice Brutality is a Criminal Act Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesPolice brutality is a very real problem that many Americans face today. The police carry an enormous burden each day. Police work is very stressful and involves many violent and dangerous situations. In many confrontations the police are put in a position in which they may have to use force to control the situation. There are different levels of force and the situation dictates the level use most of the time. 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The fear of crime and even the people who commit crime, there is always a chance that you could get robbed, caught up in physical altercation, or even happen to be in the wrong place at the wrong time. People in general approach these situations differently and prepare for these situations in different waysRead MorePolice Gangs Of Americ Policing Gangs872 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica This book primarily focused on ways police reacted to gang presence, problems, and illegal activity, based on the way America views gangs. Gangs are described differently by people based on geography, class, age, race, and personal agenda’s. Statistic’s based on research, help grasp the whole situation and soak in the problems for society and also police. Police forces may change up tactics to respond to a certain gang compared to a different police force and different gangs. After reading this

The Challenges Of Math And Science Classes Essay - 968 Words

Creativity is in all of us often we failed to see it. We think art, design, and marketing are creative. However, creativity lies in every field that you are curious in. There is no definite space that creativity exists in. Obviously, this idea struck me later. I also thought a creative person was the one who could compose rhyming poems and stories, who could draw beautiful pictures, or who could sing and dance effortlessly and I also wanted these skills, but it was impossible. Later, I found out, I was creative too. I enjoyed the challenges problems in math and science classes. And thinking to solve a problem in various ways is also being a creative. Hence, creativity can be learned in the fields that you are curious in and not from sitting in a lecture, but by learning and applying creative thinking processes. Children are more creative than adults. I too was creative when I was young. In Nepal, we rarely wrote creative pieces. Most of our English syllabus included short/long questions answers from the chapters. The first creative writing I recall is the one from third grade. We were given the assignment to describe our home. I went little overboard and described that I had the magical tree whose leaves taste like candies and had four peacocks that would dance in the backyard. I will always remember this unique writing. If I got the assignment like this now, it would be boring as I will focus on the rules and regulations. I will try my best to be inside the margin whichShow MoreRelatedThe Challenges Of Math And Science Classes Essay1169 Words   |  5 Pagespictures, or who could sing and dance effortlessly. I attempted to be creative several times. They were dull and lifeless. I now recognize my creativity is in STEM fields rather than in arts and humanities. I have enjoyed the challenge s problems in math and science classes. And thinking to solve a problem in various ways is also being a creative. 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Introduction Chapter Free Essays

Key Terms and Concepts (1-24) 1. Denudation is the total effect of all actions (weathering, mass wasting, and erosion) that lower the surface of the continents. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction Chapter or any similar topic only for you Order Now Weathering- the physical and chemical disintegration of rock that is exposed to the atmosphere. Mass-wasting- the short-distance down slope movement of weathered rock under the direct influence of gravity; also called mass movement. Erosion- detachment, removal, and transportation of fragmented rock material. 3. Openings in the surface and near- urface bedrock are frequently microscopic, but they may also be large enough to be conspicuous and are sometimes huge. In any case, they occur in vast numbers and provide avenues along which weathering agents can attack the bedrock and break it apart. Subsurface weathering is initiated along these openings, which can be penetrated by such weathering agents such as water, air, and plant roots. As time passes, the weathering effects spread from the immediate vicinity of the openings into the denser rock beyond. . Joints are cracks that develop in bedrock due to tress, but in which there is no appreciable movement parallel to the walls of the joint. Faults are breaks in bedrock along which there is relative displacement of the walls of the crack. 5. Master Joints are Joints that run for great distances through a bedrock structure. Master Joints play a role in topographic development by functioning as a plane of weakness, a plane more susceptible to weat hering and erosion than the rock around it. 6. Mechanical weathering is the physical disintegration of rock material without any change in its chemical composition; also alled physical weathering. Chemical weathering is the chemical decomposition of rock by the alteration of rock-forming minerals. 7. Frost wedging is the fragmentation of rock due to expansion of water that freezes into ice within rock openings. 8. Salt wedging is the rock disintegration caused by the crystallization of salts from evaporating water. 9. Exfoliation is the weathering process in which curved layers peel off bedrock in sheets. This process commonly occurs in granite and related intrusive rocks after overlying rock has been removed, allowing the body to expand slightly. An exfoliation dome is a large rock mass with a surface confguration that consists of imperfect curves punctured by several partially fractured shells of the surface layers (due to exfoliation). 10. Oxidation is the chemical union of oxygen atoms with atoms from various metallic elements to form new products, which are usually more voluminous, softer, and more easily eroded than the original compounds. When iron-bearing minerals react with oxygen (become oxidized), iron oxide is produced. This reaction, probably the most common oxidation in the lithosphere, is called rusting. 1 . Hydrolysis- a chemical union of water with another substance to produce a new compound that is nearly always softer and weaker than the original. Carbonation- a process in which carbon dioxide in water reacts with carbonate rocks to produce a very soluble product (calcium bicarbonate), which can readily be removed by runoff or percolation, and which can also be deposited in crystalline from if the water is evaporated. 2. Biological weathering is rock biological weathering is lichens. Lichens are primitive organisms that consist of algae and fungi living as a single unit. Typically they live on bare rock, bare soil, or tree bark. They draw minerals from the rock by ion exchange, and this leaching can weaken the rock. 13. Differential weathering is the process whereby different rocks or parts of the same roc k weather and/or erode at different rates. 14. The steepest angle that can be assumed by loose fragments on a slope without downslope movement is called the angle of repose. This angle, which varies with the nature and internal cohesion of the material, represents a fine balance between the pull of gravity and the cohesion and friction of the rock material. If additional material ccumulates on a debris pile lying on a slope that is near the angle of repose, the newly added material may upset the balance and may cause all of part of the material to slide downward. 15. Rockfall (fall) is the mass wasting process in which weathered rock drops to the foot ofa cliff or steep slope. 16. Talus (scree) are pieces of weathered rock, of various sizes, that fall directly downslope. Sometimes the fragments accumulate relatively uniformly along the base of the slope, in which case the resultant landform is called a talus slope or talus apron. 17. A talus cone is a sloping, cone-shaped heap of dislodged talus. This cone pattern is commonplace because most steep bedrock slopes and cliffs are seamed by vertical ravines and gullies that funnel the falling rock fragments into piles directly beneath the ravines, usually producing a series of talus cones side by side along the base of the slope or cliff. 18. A rock glacier is an accumulated talus mass that moves slowly but distinctly downslope under its own weight. 9. Landslides do not require the lubricating effects of water or clay, although the presence of water may contribute to the action; many slides are triggered by rains that add weight to already overloaded slopes. Landslides may be activated by other stimuli as well, most notably by earthquakes. 20. A slump is different from other kinds of landslides because i t is a slope collapse slide with rotation along a curved sliding plane. 21. A landslide is a general term for a type of slope failure involving an instantaneous collapse of a slope and movement along a generally flat sliding plane. A mudflow is a rapid, downslope movement of a dense mixture of weathered rock and water through or within a valley. 22. Earthflow is the mass wasting process in which a portion of a water- saturated slope moves a short distance downhill. A debris flow is a stream-like flow of dense, muddy water heavily laden with sediments of various sizes; a mudflow containing large boulders. 23. A soil creep is the slowest and least perceptible form of mass wasting, which consists of a very gradual downhill movement of soil and regolith. Soil creeps happen slower than a snail can move, and they usually can be prevented if falling towards a house/building. 24. Solifluction is a special form of soil creep in tundra areas; associated with summer thawing of the near-surface portion of permafrost, causing the wet, heavy surface material to sag slowly downslope. Study Questions (1-5) 1. It is possible for weathering to take place beneath the surface of bedrock because of things such as Joints within the rock. If the Joints are deep enough, the weathering will take place underneath certain parts of the rock. There are many types of a whole, not Just the surface. 2. Chemical weathering is more effective in humid climates than in arid climates because arid climates do not have water. Humid climates have higher amounts of water and higher temperatures so chemical weathering happens faster. 3. There is a direct relationship between gravity and ass wasting. Any mass moves in the direction of the vector sum of all the forces acting on it, with acceleration numerically equal to the magnitude of the sum of the forces divided by its mass. On or near the Earth’s surface, gravity is always one of the forces. 4. Clay reacts to water by expanding, and when it dries, it contracts. Some clay does it so small that it’s barely noticeable, some clay does it so much that you can very easily see it happen right in front of your eyes. If these clays are in a crack between rock, or in a layer beneath rock, or basically any place that the clay is omehow packed between two hard rocks, and it gets wet, then it will expand, and put force on the two rock layers. Then it will dry, and â€Å"pull† the layer or Joint into a weaker state. If this happens over a long enough time, then it will break the rock that is in the weaker position. 5. Rainfall can expedite mass wasting because when there is more water in the objects that are falling, the objects (falling rocks) become heavier, therefore the process is speeded up. The more rainfall there is, the more water will be accumulated and the heavier the falling rocks will be. 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What Is Faith Essays - Religion, Belief, Philosophy Of Religion

What Is Faith WHAT IS FAITH? By Emily Smith What is faith? Faith is something different to everyone. If you asked a hundred different people, it is possible that you would get many diverse answers. Religious faith and non-religious faith are two very distinct terms. Faith holds an extremely complex meaning when discussing it in the context of religion. Faith is a belief. That holds true to every religious and non-religious person. Every faith involves a decision. It is not about what we claim to believe, but what we actually do believe, that is true faith. Throughout this paper, I am going to discuss Christian faith, how it pertains to daily life and Christianity as a whole. I also intend to delve into George W. Forell's discussion of Christian faith and analyze and interpret his statements and conclusions. Since the beginning of my childhood, I have learned much about faith and its essence in everyday human life and also in religion. For me, it is simple really. I have always believed that faith is your belief in God, and as Jesus Christ as the savior of the world. My strong Methodist beliefs and background have somewhat tainted my academic viewpoint of the term faith. The Harper Collins Dictionary of Religion defines faith as the act or virtue or spiritual disposition by which people accept the reality, promises, and love of God. 355 However, all religions are based on some form of faith, a belief in something. You can not have religion without faith. George W. Forell states that faith is universal, (Forell 1). By this Forell is saying that everyone has some sort of belief, they believe in something or somebody. Forell is not limiting this belief to God, or gods for that matter, he simply means that all humans believe in something- money, or education, or the general goodness of mankind. Forell goes on to also describe Christian faith; Classical Protestantism asserts that God wants fellowship with man and that if we trust completely in Jesus Christ and his work we will have communion with God. This complete and utter trust in Jesus Christ is faith, (Forell 19). I tend to side with George W. Forell and his explanation of Christian faith. Christian faith has an implication of love. It is strictly a personal act. The agape that exists between the lord and all of his creations is manifested into each religion's faith. This agape is the respect, connection, and intellectual virtue that exist between men and women and their belief in God. Faith can also be thought of as a perception. It is not a conclusion or a proof; it is not an explanation of the world, an argument from causality, an apologetic of creation, (Chenu 2). Faith is neither black or white, but somewhere in the gray area in-between. Religious faith has been challenged theoretically for thousands of years due to this lack of physical proof or evidence to support or even contradict the Christian doctrines and dogmas. Science continues to be the opposition to Christian faith and distorts the scripture as myth. Science is a form of knowledge based on, and governed by evidence. It debates faith as there is no scientific proof of God's existence today in the world. Hebrews 11:1 Now faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen. Faith is not the same as hope. Hope is wishing for something. Faith is having it in a faith dimension. Christian faith is clearly more than the assent of the intellect to the truth of certain propositions. It is a relation of the whole man to God, a commitment which we tend to attribute to the heart and will, (Bendall 11). There are distinctly two aspects of faith. On one side of the coin, the act of the believer terminates not in a dogmatic proposition but in the divine reality itself that it expresses in a human manner. This realism of faith is the basis of its mystical value. It is not a concept of reality, but reality itself, (Chenu 18). On the other side of the coin, because faith is human knowledge it must be structured by the categories of the human mind. If man

Admonitions and Premonitions

Admonitions and Premonitions Admonitions and Premonitions Admonitions and Premonitions By Mark Nichol Admonition and premonition are two members of a small word family based on a root pertaining to scolding or warning. The family is introduced below. The Latin verb monere, meaning â€Å"advise,† â€Å"express disapproval,† or â€Å"warn,† is the root of admonition and premonition. Admonition and its sister noun admonishment are distinguished by the senses â€Å"warning about behavior† and â€Å"criticism of behavior,† respectively; the verb form, admonish, applies to both senses. A premonition, meanwhile, is a feeling of forewarning not based on conscious thought; unlike admonition, the noun does not take other forms. Monition itself, meanwhile, is a rare noun meaning â€Å"caution† or â€Å"warning.† Summon is also descended from monere, originally in the form of the Latin verb summonere, which means â€Å"warn secretly† (the first syllable is a variant of sub-); the English verb means â€Å"send for,† with the connotation of an imperative; to summon up is to call forth or evoke, as in the notion of summoning up courage or another emotion. Something that can be summoned is summonable, and one who summons is a summoner. Summons is a noun meaning â€Å"an act of summoning,† usually in the form of an order to appear in court; the plural is summonses. Other words based on monere include monitor, which originally referred to one who admonishes, checks, or reminds and came to mean â€Å"guide,† â€Å"instructor,† and â€Å"overseer.† This word has several other distinct senses: First, the monitor lizards, a genus that includes the Komodo dragon, were supposedly named for a habit some species have of standing on two legs or acting otherwise to check on or warn about the presence of predators. Second, a Civil War–era warship armored with iron was dubbed the Monitor with the notion that it would admonish its foes; the name was applied to similar and not-so-similar vessels for the next hundred years. Finally, the use of the word to describe equipment for checking the quality of electronic transmissions led to its employment in reference to display screens for televisions, computers, and other devices. Then there’s monument, from the sense of monere pertaining to reminding: A monument is a written document, record, or tribute; a structure honoring a person or event or something pertaining to a notable person or thing; or a boundary marker. A national monument is one of a class of places set aside by a country for its historic, scenic, or scientific significance. Because of the associations of structural monuments with grandeur, something great or outstanding is said to be monumental; monumentally is the adverbial form. Finally, monster derives from a sense of â€Å"something that warns†: The word describes an abnormal, strange, or terrifying living thing; something cruel, threatening, or ugly; or something especially large or successful. Monster is employed as an adjective as well in the last sense, while monstrous applies for the other meanings and monstrously serves as an adverb. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Incorrect Pronunciations That You Should AvoidWhen to Form a Plural with an Apostrophe"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?

Intonation Contour in English Speech

Intonation Contour in English Speech In speech, intonation contour is a distinctive pattern of pitches, tones, or stresses in an utterance. Intonation contours are directly related to meaning. For instance, as Dr. Kathleen Ferrara has demonstrated (in Wennerstroms Music of Everyday Speech), the discourse marker anyway can be analyzed as having three different meanings, each with its own distinctive intonation contour. (See Examples and Observations, below.) See also: Intonation and Intonation PhraseEmphasisParalinguistics, Phonetics, and PhonologyProsodyRhythmSegment and SuprasegmentalStress Examples of Intonation Contours Suppose a secretary would like to know if his or her boss has completed drafting up an important report. He or she might ask, Finish that report? or perhaps the same secretary is telling the boss the list of things he or she planned to do next. He or she might say, Call Frankfurt. Write the memo to Purchasing. Finish that report. Now, perhaps, the secretary is talking to his or her assistant who is word processing this same report. He or she might say, Finish that report.In all three cases, this same string of words, Finish that report, would be said with quite different overall tone contours. In the first case, it would be given a questioning intonation; in the second case, it would be said with a non-emphatic final intonation contour; and in the third case, it would be said with an emphatic intonation contour indicating an imperative. Any native speaker of English would recognize the difference in meaning among these three intonation patterns, though the exact description of such c ontours is far from being a simple matter. . . .The reason intonation contour is so important to spoken discourse cohesion is that participants use their reading of intonation contours in deciding whether or not it is their turn to take over the floor.(Ron Scollon, Suzanne Wong Scollon, and Rodney H. Jones, Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach, 3rd ed. Wiley, 2012) The Problem of Terminology One immediate difficulty in consolidating the literature on intonation is the lack of agreement on terminology. If I wish to talk about syntax, I can feel confident that most audiences will understand words such as noun and verb. However, with intonation, terms such as stress, accent, tone, and emphasis may mean different things to different people. Not only are the lay terms different from the linguists terms, but linguists themselves disagree on terminology. To make matters worse, there are even different schools of thought on what counts as a unit in an intonation analysis. Should the intonation contour of an entire phrase be interpreted as a single, meaning-bearing unit? Is it possible to identify smaller units as meaningful? Where exactly does a unit start and stop?(Ann K. Wennerstrom, The Music of Everyday Speech: Prosody and Discourse Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2001)A well-canvassed discrepancy between an American predilection for levels and a British preference for tu nes is only one aspect of the differences that exist concerning how the utterance should be segmented for the purpose of describing its intonation. There is a rough similarity between the categories referred to in the literature as sense units, breath groups, tone groups, and contours, but the similarities are deceptive; and the various ways of further segmenting into nucleus, head, tail, tonic, pre-tonic, etc., compound the differences. The important point is that, whether this is explicit or not, each formulation amounts to a starting assumption about how the underlying meaning system is organized.(David C. Brazil, Intonation. The Linguistics Encyclopedia, ed. by Kirsten Malnkjaer. Routledge, 1995) Intonation Contours in Text-to-Speech Systems In text-to-speech systems, the goal of the intonation component is to generate an appropriate intonation contour for each spoken phrase. An intonation contour is the underlying fundamental frequency (F0) pattern that occurs over time in speech phrases. Physiologically, F0 corresponds to the frequency at which the vocal folds are vibrating. Acoustically, this vocal fold vibration provides the energy source that excites the vocal tract resonances during voiced portions of speech . . .. Listeners perceive an intonation contour as a pitch pattern that rises and falls at different points in a phrase. The intonation contour emphasizes certain words more than others, and distinguishes statements (with falling intonation contours) from yes/no questions (with rising intonation contours). It also conveys information about syntactic structure, discourse structure, and the speakers attitude. Behavioral scientists have been instrumental in basic research demonstrating the importance of intonation in the perception and production of speech, and in developing and evaluating intonation algorithms.(Ann K. Syrdal, Text-to-Speech Systems. Applied Speech Technology, ed. by A. Syrdal, R. Bennett, and S. Greenspan. CRC Press, 1995) Intonation Contours and the Brain There is evidence that intonational contour and patterns are stored in a distinct part of the brain from the rest of language. When someone experiences brain damage to the left side of the brain that seriously affects their linguistic abilities, making them unable to produce fluent or grammatical speech, they often maintain the appropriate intonation patterns of their language. Also, when right-hemisphere damage takes place, the result may be that the patient speaks with a monotone. And when babies who have not yet acquired any words begin to babble at around 6 months of age, they often utter nonsense syllables using the appropriate intonation pattern of the language they are acquiring.(Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck, Linguistics for Everyone. Wadsworth, 2010) Also Known As: intonational contour

Psychedelic Rock Concert Posters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychedelic Rock Concert Posters - Essay Example There were kinds of agreed upon art, music, literature, religion, lifestyles as well as social patterns (Albright 234). This brought about the capability of all of this aspects being combined into some fresh kinds which could have no limitations. With the superficial trappings of the happenings going to influence the styles and famous cultures of the world, most of the participants felt that there was no deeper import in this practice. One of the most influential rock guitarists of that time, Gary Duncan and his band moved out of that culture citing that the culture was something different that the people never understood. What was underground was more than what was not known. The rock band who were seen to be forefront on several reordering carried out in the society, most of the philosophical changes were seen more in the body of the posters that the artists produced as they were advertising their concerts. The rock bands turned out a big series of the images which called for changes in the musical, social and cultural creations happening during that time.

Structured System Analysis and Design Method (SSADM) Research Paper - 1

Structured System Analysis and Design Method (SSADM) - Research Paper Example SSADM is an implementation that particularly combines different school of thoughts postulated by different schools of development, authors and scholars (Hutchings, 2001). These schools of developments structure design projects into well defined and small activities and also give the sequence and interaction of these activities. SSADM also uses modeling techniques and diagrammatic techniques to specify structured definitions that can be easily comprehended by the developers as well as the system users (Chaffey, 1999). The SSADM is a method that is more structured and detailed and provides a better platform for the development of information systems. Due to its attributes the structured method has several advantages compared with other design and analysis methods (The Government of the Hong Kong special Region, 1998). Structured system analysis and design method always provides a requirements statement that is always clear and understandable. This provides a foundation for the analysis design and the implementation of the system. This is mainly achieved through the use of simple language and use of diagrammatic descriptions (E & E, 1988). This method also allows for more utilization of both experienced and inexperienced staff in an organization for the design process. All staff can be assigned various tasks and responsibilities with the inexperienced staff given the less demanding tasks and are guided by the experienced or expert staff (Hawryszkiewycz & Igor, 1995). Structured method also guarantees a more improved project planning and control. The breaking don of the project into phases enables division of labour and effective estimation of project duration and management. Errors and flows can also be easily identified and rectified before moving to the next stage (Hawryszkiewycz I. T., 1995). Better Quality systems. Comprehensive definition of system

Terrorist Attack In Mumbai History Essay

Terrorist Attack In Mumbai History Essay MUMBAI, India Indian commandos took control of the Taj Mahal Palace Tower, the last nest of terrorist resistance, on Saturday morning, after a lengthy assault that left three terrorists dead and sections of the hotel in flames, the head of the commando unit said in a televised news conference. Soldiers were still combing the hotel, going room to room in search of remaining gunmen, but the siege appeared finally to have ended, J. K. Dutt, director general of the National Security Guard, an elite commando force, said in the news conference at 9 a.m. Firefighters were permitted to begin pouring water over the flames that had burned out of control in the hotels lower floors for as much as an hour while the commandos battled the terrorists. It was the third day of a siege that has shaken India, raised tensions with neighboring Pakistan and prompted questions about the failure of the authorities to anticipate the tragedy or to react swiftly enough as it unfolded. All told, after attackers were cleared from a second hotel and a Jewish center on Friday, more than 150 people had died. Most of the dead were apparently Indian citizens, but at least 22 foreigners were killed. Among the dead reported were a rabbi from Brooklyn and his wife, who ran the Jewish center. The main success for the authorities on Friday came at the second hotel, the Oberoi. The authorities said that two gunmen had been killed and 93 foreigners some of them wearing Air France and Lufthansa uniforms had been rescued, though 30 bodies were found. Survivors offered harrowing accounts of their ordeal, trapped on the upper floors of the high-rise hotel while gunmen prowled below. The National Security Guard said it recovered two AK-47s, a 9-millimeter pistol and some grenades. For the first time, after several veiled accusations that Pakistan was involved, Indian officials specifically linked the attacks to their neighbor and longtime nemesis. Indias foreign minister blamed elements in Pakistan for the attacks , spreading the repercussions of the attacks beyond Indias borders. American intelligence and counterterrorism officials said Friday that there was mounting evidence that a Pakistani militant group Lashkar-e-Taiba, which has long been involved in the conflict with India over the disputed territory of Kashmir was responsible. Indian commandos said the attackers at the hotels were well trained, with one carrying a backpack packed with hundreds of rounds of ammunition, and they seemed to know the buildings layout better than the security forces, indicating a high degree of preparation. Some were seen arriving by boat; others may have been guests at the hotels for days. The leader of a commando unit involved in a gun battle on Thursday morning inside the Taj said during a news conference on Friday that he had seen a dozen dead bodies in one of the rooms. His team found a gunmans backpack, which contained dried fruit, 400 rounds of AK-47 ammunition, four grenades, Indian and American money, and seven credit cards from some of the worlds leading banks, he said. The pack also had a national identity card from the island of Mauritius. The attackers were very, very familiar with the layout of the hotel, said the commander, who disguised his face with a scarf and tinted glasses to hide his identity. He said the militants, who appeared to be under 30 years old, were determined and remorseless. ANALYSIS The terrorist attack on Saturday morning is one of the major activity which has led terrorist most dangerous for our country. A team of terrorist attacked the TAJ HOTEL and killed many innocent visitors. The fight between commandos and terrorist went for two days. India a safe tourist destination: Minister 2010-09-20 14:10:00 New Delhi, Sep 20 (IANS) India is a safe destination and the security of tourists is of utmost importance to the government, Tourism Minister Kumari Selja said here Monday as Britain and Australia issued travel advisories asking their nationals to be vigilant. The advisories came a day after two Taiwanese were injured when a two armed men on a motorcycle opened indiscriminate fire outside the historic Jama Masjid here Sunday. Condemning the attack, Selja said: This attack on tourists shows the desperation of those elements who want to create panic in the society by attacking innocent people. She appealed to the tourists and the tourism fraternity not to panic by such stray incidents as India is a safe destination and safety and security of tourists is utmost concern of the government. Investigating agencies are at work to bring the culprits to book, she said in a statement issued here. The attack on Taiwanese came just two weeks before the Commonwealth Games which start Oct 3. A high alert was issued by the police in the national capital Sunday and security was tightened. The British High Commission here, in its advisory, said: There is a high threat from terrorism throughout India. Terrorists have targeted places in the past which Westerners are known to visit, including public places such as restaurants, hotels, railway stations, markets and places of worship. Australias Department of Foreign Affairs (DFAT) updated its travel advice following Sundays attack, saying there is a high risk of a terrorist attack in New Delhi, ABC.net.au reported. Some 7,000 athletes and delegates from 71 countries and territories are expected for the Oct 3-14 Commonwealth Games, Indias biggest sporting event after the 1982 Asian Games. ANALYSIS Government is taking many steps to reduce terrorism from India.Govt. has increased the security on its boundaries . It is also taking many steps to check over commonwealth games to make it peaceful and fully free of terrorism. Fighting Terrorism in India By Maj. Gen. Kulwant Singh (Retd.) and Dr. David Leffler Terrorism is not an easy problem to solve. India has been fighting terrorism for over half a century. Since independence in 1947, the eastern states have been under the spell of insurgents, abetted by foreign countries. The disputed region of Kashmir is a powder keg, threatening to explode into conventional and possibly nuclear war any day. A viable solution may lie in Indias past-ancient Vedic knowledge that was scientifically validated in the 20th century. Now, in the 21st century, Indias ancient method of preventive defense, a form of defense called invincible, promises to end terrorism and conflict and set an example for the rest of the world. Is India ready to revive its illustrious past? India has fought four major wars over the problem of the disputed POK (Pakistan Occupied Kashmir). Pakistan is unlikely to be able to win a conventional war against India. For this reason, Pakistan has allegedly resorted to sending terrorists into Kashmir, calling them freedom fighters. This holds true throughout the world: one sides terrorist is another sides freedom fighter. Globally, the impact of terrorism has been increasing since al-Qaeda formed alliances with existing terrorist organizations. The rise of tensions and the looming threat of nuclear war between India and Pakistan has triggered a mass exodus of foreign nationals from India as well as Pakistan. Like many other countries, India has fought terrorism through a dynamic approach, i.e., with weaponry and military personnel. Despite its long-term military experience fighting terrorists, India is still losing the war. Terrorists continue to increase in number. Adding to the fray of foreign-based terrorists, new organizations are emerging, like the Peoples War Group (PWG). The number of such organizations and cadres who have joined them is alarming. Even with fully equipped police and para-military forces, India will not be able to completely control them. Even more alarming, defence experts predict that it is just a matter of time before terrorists attack with weapons of mass destruction which may be handheld and easy to transport and conceal. Tensions between India and Pakistan rise and fall, and frequently, both are poised for war. If war starts, Indias strategy, as announced so far, is for a limited offensive to stop terrorism. The term limited offensive itself is misleading, as it cannot be quantified. Does it imply limiting effort in the employment of forces, the areas of offensive, use of weapon systems and so on? In any case, Indias leaders may want it to be limited, but this cannot dictated to its opponents. In all probability, once war starts, it will not be limited. Can India eliminate terrorism by deploying military forces, as it has for the last 50 years? Again and again, history shows that the answer is no. Terrorism is a human problem. Therefore, it requires a human solution. The underlying cause of terrorism, war, conflict as well as other types of social violence, is accumulated social stress. If the collective social stress driving terrorism could be prevented, such negative problems would cease. Thus, no collective stress-no terrorism, and no war. A silent approach to achieve this prevention ideal is described in the Vedic literature. Heyam duhkham anagatam (Yog-Sutra, 2.16): Avert the danger before it arises. The Yog-Sutra, 2.35 also affirms Tat sannidhau vairatyagah: In the vicinity of Yogic influence-unifying influence, integrating influence, coherent and harmonious influence-conflicting tendencies do not arise. These ancient principles applied in the past, and they apply today. According to Vedic tradition, conflict resulted from ignorance-ignorance of how to prevent the build-up of collective stress. For example, the Ramayana stated that ignorance will have no access within eight miles from [the Yogis hermitage]. The Ramayana also described the ancient city of Ayodhya. Ayodhya means the city none can challenge in warfare. Certainly, Ayodhya relied on the conventional defence technologies of its time. For instance, It was enclosed by strong fortifications and a deep moat, which no enemy, by any expedient whatsoever, could penetrate. Also, Ayodhya abounded in warriors undefeated in battle, fearless and skilled in the use of arms, resembling lions guarding their mountain caves. However, the descriptions of the enlightened, stress-free life of the inhabitants of Ayodhya may indicate that its first line of defense was the citys freedom from collective stress. According to the Ramayana, this low stress level, based on life in harmony with Natural Law, made Ayodhya worthy of its name. Could this ideal of preventive defence again be accomplished in India? Vedic scholar and physicist Maharishi Mahesh Yogi revived the practical components of the silent approach of Invincible Defence Technology-he calls them the Transcendental Meditation (TM) and TM-Sidhi program. These human resource-based technologies need not require or involve religious belief and practices. These meditation techniques have been practiced by members of many faiths worldwide. Extensive scientific research documents the ability of the TM and TM-Sidhi program to dissolve stress on the individual and collective levels. India could use this nourishing and non-destructive Invincible Defence Technology to reduce tensions, thereby preventing conflicting tendencies that drive terrorism ANALYSIS Since independence India is fighting against terrorism . And even it has got many success Mostly regions are well awared of this threat and it is reducing slowly from this world. Within few years it will be free from this threat September 11 attacks From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search 9/11 redirects here. For the date, see September 11 or 9 November. For other uses, see 911 (disambiguation). September 11 attacks . Location New York City; Arlington County, Virginia; and near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. Date Tuesday, September 11, 2001 8:46 am (2001-09-11T08:46) 10:28 am (2001-09-11T10:29) (UTC-4) Attack type Aircraft hijacking, mass murder, suicide attack, terrorism Death(s) Nearly 3,000 victims and 19 hijackers Injured 6,000+ Belligerent(s) al-Qaeda led by Osama bin Laden[1] (see also Responsibility and Hijackers) The September 11 attacks (often referred to as September 11th or 9/11) were a series of coordinated suicide attacks by al-Qaeda upon the United States on September 11, 2001. On that morning, 19 al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners.[1][2] The hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing everyone on board and many others working in the buildings. Both buildings collapsed within two hours, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside Washington, D.C. The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville in rural Pennsylvania after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington, D.C. There were no survivors from any of the flights. Nearly 3,000 victims and the 19 hijackers died in the attacks.[3] According to the New York State Health Department, 836 responders, including firefighters and police personnel, have died as of June 2009.[3] Among the 2,752 victims who died in the attacks on the World Trade Center were 343 firefighters and 60 police officers from New York City and the Port Authority.[4] 184 people were killed in the attacks on the Pentagon.[5] The overwhelming majority of casualties were civilians, including nationals of over 70 countries.[6] In addition, there was at least one secondary death one person was ruled by a medical examiner to have died from lung disease due to exposure to dust from the World Trade Centers collapse.[7] The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror: it invaded Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, who had harbored al-Qaeda terrorists. The United States also enacted the USA PATRIOT Act. Many other countries also strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded law enforcement powers. Some American stock exchanges stayed closed for the rest of the week following the attack and posted enormous losses upon reopening, especially in the airline and insurance industries. The destruction of billions of dollars worth of office space caused serious damage to the economy of Lower Manhattan. The damage to the Pentagon was cleared and repaired within a year, and the Pentagon Memorial was built adjacent to the building. The rebuilding process has started on the World Trade Center site. In 2006, a new office tower was completed on the site of 7 World Trade Center. The new 1 World Trade Center is currently under construction at the site and, at 1,776 ft (541 m) upon completion in 2013, it will become one of the tallest buildings in North America. Three more towers were originally expected to be built between 2007 and 2012 on the site. Ground was broken for the Flight 93 National Memorial on November 8, 2009, and the first phase of construction is expected to be ready for the 10th anniversary of the attacks on September 11, 2011.[8] Map showing the attacks on the World Trade Center. The World Trade Center Towers on fire and the collapse of the South Tower ANALYSIS This is one of the major attack of terrorist in the world . After this attack United states has taken major attacks against rerrorist Asia Briefing NÂ °109, 6 September 2010 The Indonesian government could reduce the circulation of illegal firearms by improving procedures for guarding and monitoring police and military armouries, conducting regular audits of gun importers and enforcing controls over the airsoft industry. ANALYSIS Even the foreign countries are also affected by this threat.

Christian Reflection Paper Essay

Christian Tradition course exposed me to the Christian Tradition based on Biblical and church history. The course taught me the differences and similarities of Christian Tradition from other major world religions. I learned about the significance of God, Jesus, the Holy Spirit and the Trinity based on the teachings of the Bible. The course also briefly covered 2,000 years of church history but with emphasis on the impact of the Council of Nicea, Council of Chalcedon, and John and Charles Wesley on Christianity. The professor emphasized the importance of the reformation that sparked a revolution in the church. The course began by distinguishing Christianity from other major world religions both in similarities and differences. Major religions included Judaism, Buddhism, and Taoism just to name a few. All religions are similar in that they believe in a higher power. They have doctrines and teachings about salvation and a code of conduct for living. Christianity is unique in that the people believe in theism. Theism is the belief that God created the world and actively rules over and cares for the world. Christians also believe in deism which is the belief that God is absent in the world that he created but allows his creation to develop with direct interference and no revelation or miracles. Another belief that makes Christianity special is the belief in pantheism. Pantheism is the belief that God and nature is one and the same. All these distinctions make Christianity the most unique religion compared to other major religions. The course emphasized the significance of God. God created the earth, heavens and living creatures of the world. God also created the first people on earth, Adam and Eve who bought sin into the world. God is father to his children or people that believe in him. He is caring, eternal and infinite. He asks us to trust him and ask him for forgiveness when we sin. His forgiving ways are revealed in Genesis 3 when he looks for Adam and Eve after they ate the forbidden apple. He still seeks to have a relationship with them even though they sinned. God â€Å"banished him from the Garden of Eden† (Genesis 3:23) in order to discipline them out of love and for Adam and Eve’s own sake so they can’t eat from the tree of life. We know God through his blessings and good intentions. He wants the best for his  children and does everything out of love. Jesus is God’s son that was sent to earth to be crucified on the cross for the people’s sins. The reason for his birth is because of all the corruption and evil of the people. Jesus is significant in that he is the answer to salvation and entrance to heaven. Jesus is the Messiah and also claims his own coming as the Messiah in the New Testament. The people’s faith in Jesus promises rescue and the key to heaven. Without the death and resurrection of Jesus, the prophecy of the Messiah could not be fulfilled and mans’ destiny would remain a mystery. Jesus refers to himself as â€Å"the light of the world† (John 8:12) because darkness does not lie within him. Jesus is God in human form because Jesus possesses human characteristics in the Bible. Jesus faced temptation, vulnerability and hunger when Satan tried to seduce Jesus to sin in Matthew 4. His significance is observed on Christmas which marks the birth of Jesus of Nazareth in the city of Bethlehem . The third existence of God is the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit is the spirit of truth, love, life and power. He is co-existent, co-eternal, and co-equal with God and Jesus. The Holy Spirit is sent by God through Jesus to reprove the world of sin and prepare the church for Christ’s return. Jesus said before he ascends into Heaven that he will send the Comforter and Counselor. The Holy Spirit enters our hearts when we think about a truth. He is the spirit of God and his role is to guide us to on the path to God. God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit together are called the Trinity. The Trinity describes the three-in-one unity of three person joined by the closest ties of love and common purpose to appear as one. The role of the father is sovereign king and eternal lover of our souls. The role of the son or Jesus is the savior and teacher. The role of the Holy Spirit is the empowerer and evangelist. All these roles combined equal a mystical element that describes the Trinity or another name is Godhead. To understand the Trinity, God is the sun that shines while Jesus is the rays of the sun and the Holy Spirit is the warmth that is felt from the sun. All personalities are equal and combined together called the Trinity. The role and purpose of the Church is to create a community of people who believe in the same faith of God. The Church is a foundation of the faith in God. The Church allowed people to unite on common grounds and follow the words of God. The place of worship made people feel accountable because they were in it together. The Church raised the importance of prayer and spirituality because that is how one communicates to God. The Church emphasizes fellowship, dedication to the faith, selflessness. The Church gives power to the Christian people because they are a group and not individuals anymore. One of the most important events in church history includes the Council of Nicea. The First Council of Nicea happened in 325 and involved the first gathering of Christian bishops and the Roman Empire not as enemies but as allies. The bishops wanted to solve the dispute over Arianism. Arianism is the belief that Christ was more than human but something less than God. Arianism taught the people that Jesus was created being subordinate to God while the bishops believed Jesus was fully divine and fully human at the same time. The Emperor Constantine summoned the Council of Nicea in order to agree on a universally accepted definition of Jesus Christ. As it turned out, the gathering did not settle the disagreement between the Arianist and the bishops for another century they battled for supremacy. It wasn’t until the Council at Chalcedon in today’s Turkey that the church fathers concluded that Jesus was completely and fully God. They decided that this â€Å"this total man and this total God was one completely normal person† (1990, Shelley, p. 11). Jesus unites two personality and characters of human and divine into one person. The Council of Chalcedon established an agreement of who Jesus is. â€Å"Jesus was a normal being, bone of our bone and flesh of our flesh, he could fulfill every demand of God’s moral law, and he could suffer and die a real death† (1990, Shelley, p. 11). On the other hand, since he is also God, Jesus’s death on the cross was capable of fulfilling Godly righteousness. The Council of Chalcedon was possible as a result of the first Council of Nicea. The Council of Nivea paved the way for the orthodox or conventional understanding of Jesus Christ. The Reformation began after Johann Guttenberg invented printing from movable type. His new process sparked a revolution in society and in the church because books were produced in large numbers and at lower prices. Literacy and education spread as more Bibles were printed, as more people became readers and as readers demanded more books. As a result, not only did scholars and monks have access to a Bible, the common people did as well. In the Church, Gutenberg’s invention made the Reformation possible because the Reformation was in some ways a battle of books and pointing out errors in someone else. The Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther posted his theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg. Martin Luther was a former monk who demanded for radical changes in the corrupted church. He was against the church who granted forgiveness called indulgences in return for monetary sacrifices from the people. Luther believed baptism is the only indulgence necessary for salvation and trusting in God alone will save oneself. He basically said indulgences do not remove guilt, Pope could not God, and the Pope could only ask for his own forgiveness. Luther eventually attacked the church with his Ninety-Five Theses that described all the wrong doings of the church. Luther represented Christian freedom and the courage to â€Å"honor no power other than the power of the Word of God† (1990, Gritsch, p. 37). Luther was the catalyst that bought on a chain reaction of events that tore Western Europe away from the Roman Catholic Church. The Reformation shattered the long-established unity of Western Europe and spread into smaller and reformed religious groups. The Reformation marked the recruitment of Protestantism such as Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, and Anabaptist to name a few. If not for the Reformation, people today would all be Roman Catholic who is ruled by the Pope and there would not be denominations in the Church. There would not be a Bible present in schools or homes and scripture would not be taught. The Reformation basically spitted the Church and its impact was drastic in the Christian Tradition. John and Charles Wesley were two ordained ministers whose conversion to the faith has made a great impact of Christianity. John and Charles Wesley were  brothers who lived by good works and not by faith in Jesus until they converted. John experienced a personal conversion within himself after his trip from Georgia when he felt his heart warmed. Charles experienced Pentocost on May 21, 1738 and documented his experience in his journal that the Spirit of God â€Å"chased away the darkness of my disbelief† (1990, Green, p. 44). Charles wrote six to seven-thousand hymns and preached over 40,000 sermons to lay people such as coal miners and commissioners. The Wesley brother’s lives continued to affect the church such as the Methodist denominations that was still comprised of Wesley’s teachings. Their teachings emphasized upon preaching, benefit of small prayer groups that called attention to accountability and community, and the concern for the poor and oppressed people. John and Charles highlighted the role of the Holy Spirit in the life of the believer and the church. They stressed the importance of literature and education in the common man and even formed many colleges and seminaries. One great example is the Eastern Nazarene College which is a Wesleyan educational school. Overall, the course effectively taught me the key elements in Biblical events and Church history. In addition to learning about the Christian faith and what God has to offer to me, I was introduced to the most important major events in church history that made an impact on Christianity today from Luther’s Ninety-Five Thesis that sparked the Revolution to John and Charles Wesley’s conversion. The course emphasized the impact of these events and how it has shaped Christianity to become what it is today. I did not have prior knowledge about Christianity but I learned more than I expected to gain from the course. Reference Green, R.J. (1990). John & Charles Wesley Experience Conversions. Christian History, 28, 11. Gritsch, E.W. (1990). Luther Posts the 95 Theses. Christian History, 28, 35-37Shelley, B.L. (1990). The First Council of Nicea. Christian History, 28, 11.

Literary Warnings - 1480 Words

Literary Warnings Throughout history, authors have utilized their works of literary art to entertain and also to inform. Some texts have no merit as a form of instruction, but those usually do not last the test to time. Of the literary works that have survived through the years, the vast majority of them have a lesson to teach the reader which warns them against a certain set of behaviors which may serve as a hindrance to them either in their life or in the afterlife. Characters in works of literature can function either as ideal examples of how a person should behave, or they can function as counterexamples wherein the reader is encouraged absolutely not to emulate their behaviors. Each story provides a unique lesson and an expectation from the author that the reader will understand what it is that they are trying to teach. This is certainly true for the likes of authors such as the Beowulf author, Geoffrey Chaucer, and John Milton in their most famous literary works. Beowulf tells the story of a warrior who goes to serve another country and to fight their monster Grendel. In the epic poem Beowulf, the hero is one born to wealth and raised to wealth. This position, rather than making him weak, has allowed Beowulf to become respected in his community as a man of generosity and, because of his skills as a warrior, immense courage. To this extent, the reader sees Beowulf engaging in acts of bravery and of generosity towards his fellow men. In the prologue, in discussingShow MoreRelatedWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1603 Words   |  7 PagesLiterary devices are techniques often used by authors to portray in-depth analyses of major characters, storylines, and central themes, which take place in a story. These analyses help readers understand a message the author is trying to convey. 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In many situations she finds herself in, we see the contrast between what she was taught in the real world

Why Does Society Allow Groups Of People To Think That They

Why does society allow groups of people to think that they are superior rather than equals? For hundreds and thousands of years, people have been fighting others for land and treated people wrongly because they feel entitled. Where does this sense of entitlement in humans come from? By examining the way blacks treated whites and how Andrew Carnegie treated his employees makes one wonder if they had a conscious. To have the ability to treat people so harshly, it makes one question everything. Andrew Carnegie may not have been a white supremacist; however, he treated his employees equally as awful as whites did to blacks during the 1800’s and the true blame for this was society as a whole. Specifically after the Civil War, there was a lot†¦show more content†¦This was just another form of slavery. Blacks would get a plot of land and they could keep half of their earning if they had tools and seeds but only one third if they did not. White supremacists believed that bl acks were inferior and were not true Americans. The Freedman’s Beaurue was part of President. Johnson’s Reconstruction policy. He believed that the wealthy white supremacists should run their own affairs. With white southerners now running the state governments there was no protection for black rights. The black codes that each state established stated that former slaves could not own guns. However, the Civil Rights Bill of 1866 contradicts black codes. It enraged the Freedman s Bearueu, because former slaves could still not vote. The Fourteenth Amendment clearly states that former slaves are citizens. There are even 200,000 colored soldiers in the army, but â€Å"whose attachment to the State you have failed to secure by refusing them citizenship.† If you are a citizen of the United States of America, you should have the right to vote. â€Å"One eighth of the population of the whole country without any political rights, while bestowing these rights on every immigrant who comes to these shores, perhaps from a despotism, under which he could never exercise the least political right, and had no means of formingShow MoreRelatedThe Stigma of Mental Disabilities773 Words   |  4 Pagesdesirability has divided society in two groups. One group has been categorized as the higher- achiever and the other group as the low-achievers. This comparison has been embedded into society for so many years. During the 50’s it was used to protect white middle-class students. Today is mostly used to described people who have mental or physical impairments. 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